China is Playing Video Games with God
China is Playing Video Games with God
“China’s strict limits on how long minors can play online videogames just got stricter. Chinese children and teenagers are barred from online gaming on school days, and limited to one hour a day on weekend and holiday evenings, under government rules issued Monday.
Parents had complained that was too generous and had been laxly enforced, the administration said. The new rule sets the permitted gameplay hour to 8 to 9 p.m. on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. The government said it would step up inspections to ensure that gaming companies were enforcing the restrictions.
“Recently many parents have reported that game addiction among some youths and children is seriously harming their normal study, life and mental and physical health,” the administration said in an online question-and-answer explanation about the new rules. Parents, it said, had demanded “further restrictions and reductions in the time provided for minors by online gaming services.”
The new rules also reflect the government’s intensifying push for companies to jettison what the Chinese Communist Party says are unhealthy influences, especially among teenagers and children.”
I want to consider the possibility that this was an absolutely catastrophic policy decision by the CCP.
My sources are the 2.5 articles I read about the new video game restrictions and a few conversations with some 17 year old Chinese students of mine. My goal here isn’t necessarily to make predictions or provide any kind of exhaustive analysis, but to make a broader argument about why it might be (very) dangerous to enact social engineering policies at such a massive scale, particularly those that effect angsty teens. This is why I’m not really worried about the question of enforcement; what I’ve gathered from discussions with my students was that there are some ways around the ban (like playing on a grandparent’s account or finding black market user logins) so it’s unclear how much this will actually reduce gaming. I assume for the sake of discussion that this ban has the stated effect of drastically curtailing gaming.
Before getting into the argument, it’s worth noting that a more cynical view of the CCP’s motivation for the ban is also possible. In a recent Bloomberg article, Tyler Cowen argues that the self-contained nature of games marks a profound transformation in human affairs, particularly as it pertains to culture and government regulation.
“It is easy to become a world-class performer in a game without knowing much about the broader culture. By the same token, most of today’s cultural experts know very little about gaming, and they get on just fine. The worlds of culture and gaming are largely separate.”
“The self-contained nature of games also means they will be breaking down government regulation. Plenty of trading already takes place in games — involving currencies, markets, prices and contracts. Game creators and players set and enforce the rules, and it is harder for government regulators to play a central role.
The lesson is clear: If you wish to create a new economic institution, put it inside a game. Or how about an app that gamifies share trading? Do you wish to experiment with a new kind of stock exchange or security outside the purview of traditional government regulation? Try the world of gaming, perhaps combined with crypto, and eventually your “game” just might influence events in the real world.”
Maybe this is giving them too much credit, but it’s possible that the the new video game policy is a preemptive strike by the CCP to prevent self-contained gaming worlds from becoming a breeding ground for all that they wish to suppress.
Scenarios
Let’s imagine a few scenarios for how the ban this plays out over the long term.
(1) Kids lose out on the positive effects of playing video games (improved problem solving skills, spatial reasoning abilities, manual dexterity, etc.) but they find other stuff to do that offers similarly valuable benefits (some form of athletics probably in most cases) and ultimately the ban ends up not having any kind of significant impact.
(2) Maybe the Chinese (and all of us) have failed to appreciate how important video games are for what we might call applied creative intelligence, particularly as it pertains to scientific and technological thinking. There is a certain kind of young person for whom video games can serve as an inspiration towards technical or artistic mastery, a stretcher of imagination, and a welcoming social environment, all in one. These are the people that often end up becoming the next generation’s scientists, engineers, programmers, etc. (speaking very stereotypically here obviously). Without video games, we can imagine that these people are just a little less motivated, a little less happy, a little less creative and innovative. The one domain where they were free to imagine and compete and create—the one domain where they were free from the rules and constraints of the adult world—has now been limited, censored, corrupted. On a societal level, this manifests as an innovative malaise, a subtle deficiency in techno-scientific imagination. There are just a few less Big Ideas.
This should be very concerning for a culture like China’s that already worries about its lack of creativity. Conrad Bastable describes another reason why we should allow kids to play video games to excess:
“The reason to play games “For Glory” (i.e. individually competitive games) to wanton excess is not to become a professional gamer, but to learn the meta-skills of rapid skill acquisition and ruthless self-evaluation. These are incredibly useful in the complex modern world, where self-education is the only kind of education that makes a difference.”
In this view, videogames train a kind of applied competitive intelligence (something that is surely useful in the scientific and economic domains), akin to how sports train athleticism, a kind of applied competitive fitness.
(3) The video game ban foments a revolution that topples the CCP.1
The restriction sows seeds of discontent—a deep-seated bitterness, a latent anti-authoritarian streak—amongst an entire generation of gamers. Given the gender imbalance (119 boys per 100 girls for ages 10-19), this translates to a large number of angry young men in China (some evidence shows a link between population of young men in a country and political instability, however this may not be linked to marital rates as is commonly supposed). This is dangerous enough for any society, but it may be especially dangerous for one like China. In The Cult Deficit: Speculation and Analysis, I referenced a recent simulation study by Muthukrishna and Schaller (2020) that suggests tighter (i.e. the enforcement of social norms) and more collectivist cultures are prone to rapid cultural transformations that “may proceed at a pace that more closely fits the subjective perception of a “revolution”. From a blog post that Muthukrishna wrote about the study:
The researchers devised a computer model which aimed to replicate these different types of societies. The societies were built with varying degrees of certain characteristics, such as an individual’s tendency to connect with others, and how liable they were to be influenced by their peers.
The initial results that came out of the model showed its credibility; if societies are more collectivist and conformist, they tend to consolidate majority opinion more quickly, explained by the tight connections and influence over peers.
The researchers then tested what would happen if a well-connected messiah-like figure started to promote the kind of radical ideas that could lead to a revolution. Would they be more likely to see it succeed in a conformist, collectivist society like China, or in the looser and more individualistic United States?
The results showed that the ‘messiah’ would have a difficult time making a breakthrough in a country like China. But if they did succeed, their ideas would spread quickly, with cataclysmic and transformative results, potentially building to a revolution.
In an individualistic country like the US, the messiah figure would find making an initial breakthrough less difficult, but the upheaval would be confined to small groups within a society, rather than spreading rapidly across the entire nation.
Dr Muthukrishna says: “In the US, there are many examples of cults that attract a small number of loyal followers. They achieve a small-scale breakthrough but don’t engineer the kind of transformative social change we have seen so many times in places like China.”
“The irony of these results is that in a collectivist and conformist society, these vast, highly disruptive revolutions are more likely. Their culture leads to the paradox of long periods of stability followed by rapid change.”
Maybe in 2052, there will be a Gamer Messiah, a Jesus of the Joystick, a Buddha of the Button that leads an insurrection against the CCP—and then the world.
Jokes aside, I think this study points to a higher-than-you-think possibility that change could come swiftly and unexpectedly in China. Sure, this specific scenario is highly unlikely (i.e. a destabilizing of the world’s largest nation due to a video game restriction), but the general contours of the story might not be as improbable as they seem. Video games may be trivial in the grand scheme of things, but what’s not trivial is stopping 280 million people (the number of Chinese people 0-19) from enjoying their free time how they please. The ban also comes at a time in which young people are starting to “lie flat” as a protest against the ever-quickening rat race of modern life.
In April, a user named Kind-Hearted Traveler shared a post on Chinese search engine Baidu about why he lives a minimalist life.
“I haven’t been working for two years, I have just been hanging around and I don’t see anything wrong with this. Pressure mainly comes from comparisons with your peers and the values of the older generation. These pressures keep popping up…But, we don’t have to abide by these (norms). I can live like Diogenes and sleep inside a wooden bucket, enjoying sunshine. I can live like Heraclitus in a cave, thinking about the “logos.” Since this land has never had a school of thought that upholds human subjectivity, I can develop one on my own. Lying down is my philosophical movement. Only through lying flat can humans become the measure of all things.”
Fed up with a culture of overwork, through-the-roof housing prices and skyrocketing living costs, many Chinese youth are "lying flat" to express their frustration with the lack of upward social mobility.
Lying flat includes opting out of getting married, having children, purchasing a home or car, and joining the corporate money-making machine. The tang ping (“lying flat”) movement embraces doing the bare minimum to maintain a minimalist lifestyle. It rejects the so-called "996 life" of working 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. six days a week, a tech industry schedule that has bled into other sectors and often fails to provide sufficient income for exhausted workers to get ahead.”
“Chinese youngsters, or in general the working population, have experienced huge societal and political changes in the past nine years, [leading them to realize] that there is neither the possibility for initiating a revolution nor the freedom of expression. Under such a condition, lying down has become the only option,” Wu told Quartz.
How would you feel if the government controlled how you spent your free time as a teenager, and then as a adult you had no free time because you were working a 996 job for shit pay? And then on top of that, when you try to simply drop out of the rat race, they censor you and admonish you for laziness.
In a sign of the Party’s concern over the idea’s popularity, Chinese social media platform Douban has censored a discussion group of nearly 10,000 members about lying flat, while some state-owned media have urged young people to ditch the idea. “The new generation is not a generation that chooses to lie flat, but one that chooses to work hard!” the Xinhua news agency said in an article in May, citing examples of young medical professionals fighting hard against the pandemic.
“The fear is such trends, after gaining online traction can mobilize public support and quickly turn into protest movements,” said Valarie Tan, an analyst at German think tank Merics whose research focuses on Chinese elites and societal and media debates. That concern is heightened given the 100th anniversary of the Party in July. “So that is why the movement was quickly censored or publicly criticized to mitigate its popularity.”
Of course, the lying flat trend has yet to, or probably never will become an organized political movement. But it is the deep discontent expressed behind the thinking that has Beijing worried. A generation that no longer wants to enter an endless rat race could slow consumption and therefore economic growth, undermining the key moral justification for one-party rule. Moreover, while the Party is good at using its security apparatus to suppress protests, the very passivity of lying flat make the idea much harder for the regime to counter.
“The essence of lying flat is the dismantling of the Party’s control of people,” a young Chinese student in the US told Quartz.
While letting discontent simmer on social media doesn’t seem like a particularly good option either, I wonder if censoring a social philosophy that is inherently passive and non-violent is setting up a kind of civilizational Streisand Effect that will turn sentiment against the CCP and destabilize their authority in the coming decades.
Drunken Gods
I don’t think any of this will actually happen (not least because teens will work around the restriction and figure out how to keep gaming).
But it could.
The reason I am wary of the unintended consequences from the video game ban is that it feels an awful lot like the CCP is “playing god”.
The charge of “playing god” is commonly levied against mad scientists who deign to tamper with the fundamentals of nature that have traditionally been seen as the domain of the deity—life, death, all forces of nature. Thing like genetic engineering, cloning, weather engineering, abortion, in vitro fertilization, euthanasia, and so forth are seen as foolish overreaches of science that will only anger god. Although the idea of “playing god” is usually reserved for the religious, there is a very secular intuition, something like:
Beware of screwing with complex systems that you don’t fully understand (and you almost certainly don’t understand them as well as you think you do).
Unintended consequences abound; hubris is the downfall of Man.
Playing with god is also usually reserved for complex systems like human biology or the climate, but human psychology and social dynamics are every bit as complex and intricate if not more so. Even a seemingly innocuous restriction on video games is interfering with teenage psychology on a mass scale (possibly the most complex phenomenon in the known universe as many parents can attest to I’m sure) and frustrating a very core feature of the human mind: the innate desire for freedom of play. While the accusation of playing god probably gets thrown around much too freely, if this isn’t a textbook case then I don’t know what is.
While I definitely would like to stick up for video game playing youth around the globe, my concern here is much broader. The CCP, and to a lesser extent the US government, and Amazon, Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc. are like nouveau gods, drunk off their newfound power, blinded by arrogance and self-interest to the complexity and delicacy of that which they seek to control—all omnipotence and no omniscience. To be clear, this is not geopolitical power, but the ability to micromanage people’s thinking and behavior. In this respect, the power of the CCP is unprecedented—never before in history has an organization been able to so powerfully control the day-to-day life of such a vast number of people. These governments and organizations are gods who have grown up too fast and don’t realize the full danger of their powers, like hormone-fueled teenagers binge drinking for the first time (…ah those were the days). If we don’t learn how to reign in these drunken gods, a video game ban might be the least of our worries.
Some may object that we should not worry about the CCP being destabilized and potentially overthrown. I might be inclined to agree, but on the other hand it’s not hard to argue that there are other outcomes which do better on a purely utilitarian calculus (e.g. China gradually becomes less authoritarian and more humane) and that we should aim to work towards those potential futures instead.
One Twitter comment, three and a half hours and one delayed lunch later, here is a full length response to a total stranger's blog post that I did not expect to read today... Thank you for this enlightening opportunity.
# Videogames
To start, I want to make some discussion of the justification for banning videogames in the way that the CCP has.
So, is it a good idea to ban videogames for children? No, not categorically, but that might not be exactly what's happening. There are both pros and cons to videogames. As you stated it, the pros are problem-solving, creativity, it's isolation from the real word, motivation, quality of life/entertainment value and more. The obvious downside is becoming addicted to something that distracts from the real-world and take the place of activities that society otherwise values.
There are other downsides too. From sex, violence and gambling, it's easy to see how one might think that videogames can be a bad influence on children. For violence at least, this is somewhat of a straw-man argument because studies have found that correlation between exposure to violence in videogames and violent action is small or non-existent.
I think that the easiest way to interpret the actions of the CCP is that they have a problem with children being addicted to videogames, and that's causing other social ails like withdraw from society, disobedience and lack of productivity (among other equally concerning, but potentially less GDP-influencing problems like depression and loneliness).
Practically, the CCP is saying "videogames are causing problems, so let's get rid of them," but I think this is part of a larger philosophy of the CCP to "play ball". If there's a problem with the videogame industry, it's the videogame industry's problem to figure out. The CCP is not opposed to working with individual companies who propose solutions, and this is an opportunity for an individual company to swoop in and provide videogames that aren't as addictive. In America, we're seeing similar things, but enforcement is by the parents, and not the party. Many publishers are releasing games that are less addictive to children, and the strict parents are only allowing access to this smaller set of videogames.
The CCP is just taking the all-or nothing approach. As you said, collectivist cultures are proclive to this form of stasis and rapid change. Instead of happening on a societal level, the change here will happen on an industrial level. The CCP is enforcing social will, and the industry needs to radically transform if they want to engage with the market of the game-playing youth. I think that's what's going to happen.
What seems certain is that China will get to a world with videogames that are less addictive sooner than it would if the CCP hadn't enacted this policy. So the question is, is the CCP stepping on it's own foot in the process by also diminishing access to all the benefits that videogames provide? I'm not sure. I think videogames and social media have gotten pretty bad addictive, and there are other ways to get many of the benefits that videogames provide. If someone comes along with a solution, and China returns with less-addictive videogames in the few years that it takes to develop them, then maybe this will be a good policy.
Or maybe, it will swiftly recognize that reverse the ban for "good" non-addictive videogames. For example, I have a cooperative puzzle game that I play with my friend. It's much harder to argue that this game is a negative influence, and I could certainly see the CCP allowing children to play a game like this. Even now, the ban only affects online games, which is a sign that the CCP recognizes that not all videogames are the enemy.
# Superintelligence
Now, relating this back to your articles main point, which seems not to be whether banning videogames is positive or negative, but is instead the question of how we ensure the super-intelligent organizations are doing things that are in our interest. How do we even determine what is in our interest? I think you make it clear that we need other super-intelligences to help make these decisions for us, so the question becomes "how do we construct super-intelligent organizations and systems that will fight for our collective interests."
Whether or not we know it, I actually think there is already plenty of research being done in this area, and what's needed most of all is synthesizing the data and standardizing the language with which we talk about the problem. Once concept that you seem likely to be familiar with would be the application of the theory of natural selection to academic research papers, but there are also relevant resources that describe how to build organizations, and there is other relevant research that describes emergent intelligence.
One of the most interesting parts of this article for me is the realization and emphasis of the idea that intelligence is composable - that two or more smaller intelligences can make up a larger one. Independent forces acting on their own can add up to a system with its own "motivations". Just to make the connection explicit on the other side, we are all just collections of collections of molecules bouncing around with some vague biased behaviors that lead to replication, organization and then intelligence.
With this context, it's not unreasonable to believe in super-intelligence as an emergent phenomenon that can arise from any system of interacting intelligences, whether that interaction is humans commenting on each others blog posts or specifically coming together to form a nation. There are certainly additional points to be made about AI, the composability of super-intelligences, interaction between the "layers of intelligence" (ie molecules with cells or humans with companies), and the systems with which the intelligences interact.
The main work that needs to be done here is to unify the language that describes emergent intelligence, systemic incentives (like that of capitalism), organization-building and potentially other fields. Doing that will allow us to have a more productive discussion on how we can actually go about orchestrating super-intelligences that will go about our interests
"However, I refuse to do so because (1) of course I don’t actually think I am wrong" - unironically my favourite part of this post.
right alongside: "I just don’t want to live in a world where an authoritarian anti-fun policy like this has demonstrably positive short-term and long-term effects on youth health and educational outcomes."